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URRENT 
IiSTORY 

3«in^ Primarily a 
Supplement to 

tKts Califorxtm 
State Series 
History 



I 



WAGNER 



REVISED 
EDITION 



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TllIT WhITAHJFF dl FvAY CoMP^%Ny 



rinniiiiMMiiittHiiiii 



CURRENT 
HISTORY 

(United States Historv from 1899 to the Present Time) 



Being Primarily a 
Supplement to the 



California State Series History 



By HARR WAGNER 

Author of Pacific Hi^lon Series. New Pacific Geography and 
Editor Western Journal of Education 



Revised Edition 




San Francisco 
THE WHITAKER & RAY COMPANY 

(incorporated) 
1902 



THE LlBf.ARY OF 

CONGRESS, 
Two Copies Received 

iViAY, 28 1902 

Copyright entry 

YW^yiyt T-t- 1^ or- 
CLASS ft_-XXc. No. 

i 5 ^ ^ O 
COPY B. 



>VV/5 



COPYRIGHT 1900 

BY 

THE WHITAKER & RAY COMPANY 

(incorporated) 



COPYRIGHT 1902 

BY 

THE WHITAKER i RAY CC 



,^ 



INTRODUCTORY NOTE, 



This supplementto theHistory of the United States, California 
Series has been prepared to meet the demand on the part of pupils 
and teachers. The method of treatment has been made as near 
uniform with the State book as possible. However, the teacher 
will find something more than the mere record of events of each 
administration. The declaration of war, the peace protocol, and 
several other documents are printed from the original text. 
It will be some years before the State publishes a new history, 
and the teacher who has not a supply of other text books in history 
will appreciate this supplement as a great convenience. The 
historian of the future will judge of the marvelous events of the 
past ten years. I have simply recorded the more important 
affairs and put them in such form as to be more readily accessible 

to teacher and pupil. 

The supplement can be taken up at any time ascurrent history, 
or after completion of the state text book in history. 

HARR WAGNER. 



CONTENTS 



Chapter 1 9 



II 



V. 



I 



III • • ^9 

IV........... - 49 



58 



SUPPLEMENT 



The adminis 
tpatlon of 
Benjamin 
Harrison.— 
1889 tol893 



TO THE 

California State Series History of the United States. 

CHAPTER I. 

In the Presidential 
election of 1 888, Benja- 
min Har- 
rison of 
Indiana 
was elected President, 
and Levi P. Morton 
of New York, Vice- 
President, defeating 
the Democratic candi- 
dates, Grover Cleve- 
land for President and 
Allen G. Thurman 
for Vice-President. 
President Harrison 
was inaugurated 
March 4, 1889, and 
selected as his Secre- 
tary of State the 
eminent statesman, 
James G. Blaine. Be- 
fore Harrison took 
office a number of im- 
portant measures be- 




BENJAMIN HARRISON. 
Beniatnia Harrison was born at North 
Bend, Ohio, August 20, 1833, and is the son of 
Tohu Scott Harrison, who was the son of the 
ninth President. He studied at the Miami 
University at Oxford, and wasa lawstudentat 
Cincinnati. Hesettledin Indianapolis, Ind., 
when he began to practice law, and it has 
been his home ever since, but at the opening of 
thi Civil War he raised the Seventieth Indiana 
Regiment and was appointed ^s colonel He 
wala brave and skillful officer and wasbrevet- 
tedbrigadier-general. He was elected United 
States Senator in 1880. and was elected Presi- 
dent of the United States in 1^8»-^^^"" 
retiring from the Presidency he resumed the 
practice of law in Indianapolis^evoting him 
self mainly to international affa'"", 0° "'5 
opening of Stanford University he delivered 
a series of lectures to the students on Consti- 
tutional Law. 

came law. One was the establish- 
ment of the Department of Agricul- 
ture, and another provided for the 
admission of North Dakota, South 
Dakota, Montana, and Washington. 
An important political event in the 



TOPICAL STUDIES. 

McKinley BIH. 

Pan-American Con- 
gress. 

The Sherman Act. 

Foreign DifflcuUies. 

Ballot Reform. 

Election of 1892. 



lO 



SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 




autumn of 1SS9 was 
the Pan-American 
Congress, promoted 
by James G. Blaine. 
This congress of rep- 
resentatives of the 
United States and the 
countries of Central 
and South America 
was for the promotion 
of trade, a uniform 
S5^stem of weights and 
measures, a common 
silver coin to serve 
as a legal tender 
in all business trans- 
actions, and a definite 
plan for arbitration of 
disputes and difficul- 
ties. This congress 
was in session several 
months and l)rought 
the nations into more 
sympathetic relations. 
While it failed to ac- 
complish the purpose 
of its enthusiastic promoters, it was a great step in ad- 
vance, that representatives of many nations holding the 
soil of two continents should come together to promote 
good-fellowship. 

Congress passed the Protective Tariff measure known 

The McKin- as the McKinley Bill. It increased the 

ley Bill of ^ 

1890. duty on many imported articles for the 

purpose of encouraging home industry. A prominent 



JAMES G. BLAINE. 
Mr. Blaine was born in the hamlet of 
Brownsville, Washington Co., Pa., January 
31, 1830. He attended Washington College, 
and graduated at the age of seventeen. Soon 
after he became a tutor at a military college 
at Blue Lick Springs, Kentucky. He married 
Miss Harriet Stanwood. Soon afterwards he 
located at Augusta, Maine, and became the 
^i.\\.QT oi\.\\e^ Kennebec Journal. He entered 
politics in 185G, and served as a member of 
the legislature of Maine and seven terms in 
Congress, and was the leading candidate for 
President in 1870, when Hayes was nomi- 
nated In 1877 Blaine became a United States 
Senator. In 1880 he was again a candidate for 
President, but after several weeks' balloting 
General Garfield was chosen. He then be- 
came Secretary of Slate. On the deatli of 
Garfield he resigned and devoted his time to 
writing his work, "Twenty Years in 
Congress." In 1881 Blaine was nominated 
for the Presidency, but was defeated. In 1H89 
President Harrison selected him as his Sec- 
retary of State. His political services were of 
the highest value to the nation, and his 
reciprocity treaties and the Pan-American 
Congress have resulted in great good. He 
died Friday, January 27,1893, at his residence 
in VV'ashington. 



STATE SERIES HISTORY. II 

feature of the bill was a provision to promote trade with 
the West Indies and the states of South America. This 
was known as the reciprocity clause. It provided that if 
the countries of Central and South America, and the 
West Indies, would admit our products free of duty, we 
in turn would allow their goods to come into our ports 
free. 

This act provided that the government should pur- 
chase each month, at the market price, four and one-half 
million ounces of silver bullion. In pay- 



The Sher 
man . 
1890. 



man Act 'of ment for the silver the Secretary of the 



Treasury was to give out Treasury notes 

that were to be full legal tender. The silver so bought 

was not to be coined into money except as it might be 

needed to redeem notes presented for redemption. 

In 1 89 1 a mob in New Orleans broke into a jail and 

killed several Italian prisoners. The Italian govern- 

, „,„ ment demanded the arrest and punishment 
FoFoign Dli- 
fleuities. of ^he lynchers and withdrew her mniister 

from this country. Our government, however, succeeded 
in renewing friendly relations by giving money com- 
pensation to the widows and orphans of the dead Italians. 

In 1 89 1 a party of seamen from an American man-of- 
war was attacked by a mob in the streets of Valparaiso, 
Chile, and two of them were killed. The United States 
demanded an apology from the Chilian government. It 
looked for a time as if there might be war, but Chile sent 
in regrets for the incident and the war cloud blew over. 

During President Harrison's administration many 
states passed measures known as the Australian Ballot 
The Ballot ^^^- "^^^^^ ^cts provided for the erection 
Reform. of small booths into which the voter could 

go to prepare his ballot and for the furnishing of tickets 
at public expense. The candidates of all parties are 



12 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 

placed on the same piece of paper and but one ticket is 
given to each elector. This lessens bribery and fraud, 
for the reason that the secret ballot makes it impossible 
for those who corrupt voters to be sure that the vote is 
delivered according to agreement. 

The Republicans reaffirmed the doctrine of protection 
and reciprocity and declared in favor of bimetallism. 
The Election '^^^ Democrats denounced Republican pro- 
of 1892. tectiou, denounced the Sherman Act, and 
favored the use of both gold and silver as the standard 
of the country. A newly formed party known as the 
People's or Populist Party demanded free and unlimited 
coinage of silver at the ratio of i6 to i, a graduated 
income tax, and the public ownership of telegraphs and 
railroads. The Republicans nominated Benjamin Harri- 
son for President and Whitelaw Reid for \^ice-President. 
The Democrats nominated, for the third time, Grover 
Cleveland for President and Adlai E. Stevenson of 
Illinois, for Vice-President. The People's Party nominated 
J. B. Weaver of Iowa and James G. Field of Virginia. 
Cleveland was elected, receiving 277 out of 444 electoral 
votes. The Democrats obtained control of both houses 
of Congress. The People's Party received a popular 
vote of 1,100,000. 

QUESTIONS. 

Give an account of the life of Benjamin Harrison. 
What was the Pan-American Congress ? 
What were the results of the Pan- American Congress? 
Who originated the Pan-American Congress? 
Give an account of the career of James G. Blaine. 
What is meant by the McKinley Bill ? 
Describe the Sherman Act. 

What foreign difficulties occurred during Harrison's adminis- 
tration ? 

Give an account of the ballot reform. 

Did California adopt the Australian Ballot Law? 

What were the principal issues of the campaign of 1S92 ? 



CHAPTER 11. 



During this administration a great many things of 

national importance took place. A revolu- 

m1n?"tpation tion occurred in the Hawaiian Islands in 

c[iV''e°iInd.- January, 1893. The Queen, Liliuokalani, 

1893 to 1897. , . . . 1 -1 

desiring to increase her power, proposed a 
new constitution. The people objected. The Queen 
<f' was deposed and a repub- 
lican form of government 
was established. During 
the progress of the revolu- 
tion, troops were landed 
from an American cruiser 
for the protection of Ameri- 
can citizens and property. 
Commissioners were sent 
to the United States to 
propose nexation. A 
treaty was agreed upon, 
but before the Senate 
QUEEN LiuuoKAi^ANi. could pass upou the same, 

Harrison's administration came to a close. President 
Cleveland sent a special commissioner to the Islands 




to make an investigation and 
condition of Hawaii and con- 
cerning the revolution. The 
commissioner reported that the suc- 
cess of the revolution was due to 
the encouragement of the United 
States minister and the landing 
of United States troops. After 



report upon the 



TOPICAL STUDIES. 
Gpovep Cleveland. 
The Hawaiian Affair. 
The Panic of 1893. 
The Venezuelan Boun 

dary. 
The Fup Seal. 
The World's Fair. 



Ri 




STATE SERIES HISTORY. 15 

receiving this report, President Cleveland and his Secre- 
tary of State, Walter Q. Gresham, endeavored to right the 
wrong the}^ believed had been committed. However, 
nothing was done until the succeeding administration. 
In July, 1898, a joint resolution was passed in Congress 
for the recognition of the Islands and for their temporary 
government, and the group of twelve islands, with an 
area of 6,677 square miles and a population of about 
100,000 people, became a part of American territor5\ 

In 1893 over three hundred banks suspended business 
or failed. Manufactories all over the country closed. 
The Panic of ^^^ ^ period of great distress set in. The 
1893. steady fall in the value of silver bullion was 

a serious blow to the prosperity of the great silver-pro- 
ducing states, Colorado, Montana, Idaho, South Dakota, 
Wyoming, and Nevada, and the territories of New Mexico 
and Arizona. Colorado alone had 15,000 miners who 
were made idle and had to be fed by charity. The Presi- 
dent called a special session of Congress, and on November 
I, 1893, the compulsory purchase clause in the Sherman 
Act was repealed. The industrial depression, however, 
continued. Prices did not rise, manufactories did not 
open, and when the year ended, the receipts of the govern- 
ment were thirty-four million dollars behind the expen- 
ditures. The Democratic party then presented a new 
tariff bill to Congress, called the Wilson Bill. It became 
a law at midnight, August 27, 1894, without President 
Cleveland's signature. One of the provisions of the law 
was for a tax of two per cent on all incomes above 
$4,000 per year. The Supreme Court declared this 
portion of the law unconstitutional. The administration 
found it necessary to raise money by the issuing of bonds, 
and during the years 1894 ^^^^ 1895, $262,000,000 were 
added to our bonded debt. 



i6 



SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 



Venezuela and Great Britain had long been contending 
as to the proper boundary between the former state and 

British Guiana. The United States desired 
The Venezu- ... r , • 

elan Bound- to bruig about the Settlement or the dispute 
ary Dispute. , , . . ^ _, . . r ■, , 

by arbitration. Great Britain refused to sub- 
mit the matter to arbitration and questioned the right of the 

United States to 
interfere. Great 
Britain was in- 
formed that un- 
der the Monroe 
Doctrine the es- 
tablished policy 
of the United 
States is against 
a forcible in- 
crease of any 
VENEZUELAN BOUNDARY. tcrritorj' of a 

European power in the New World. It was finally 
decided to settle the matter by arbitration. 

A Court of Arbitration, which met in Paris in 1S93, 
composed of two members from the United States, two from 
Great Britain, one from France, one from 
Italy, and one from Sweden and Norway, 
took into consideration the seal fisheries in the Bering 
Sea. Our gov^ernment made two main contentions- 
First, that the United States had jurisdiction and dominion 
in the Bering Sea. Second, that the seals making their 
home and rearing their young on the islands of this sea 
were our property, even though they might migrate far 
out into the Pacific Ocean. The Court decided against 
the United States, but issued regulations for the protec- 
tion of the seals. 

The four-hundredth anniversary of the discovery of 




The FurSeal. 



l8 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 

America was celebrated by the World's Fair at Chicago. 

-ru «7 iA< It was bv far the greatest international 
The Wopla s ' ^ 

fair. exhibition ever held. The magnificent 

buildings, and the display of wealth and industry, were a 
marvelous revelation of the matchless development of the 
New World, and particularly of the Great West. 



QUESTIONS. 

Give an account of the life of Grover Cleveland. 
What caused the revolution in the Hawaiian Islands ? 
What part did the American navy take in the affair? 
What action did President Cleveland take in the matter? 
When did the Hawaiian Islands become American territory ? 
What caused the panic of 1893 ? 

What methods of relief did President Cleveland propose? 
Tell what you can about the Wilson TariflF Bill. 
What was the Venezuelan boundary dispute ? 
What is the Monroe Doctrine? 
Define what is meant by arbitration. 

What were the two main contentions of our government in the 
Seal Fisheries question ? 

What event did the World's Fair at Chicago celebrate? 
Tell what you can about the World's Fair. 



) 



CHAPTER III. 



The Election 
of 1896. 



The Democratic party nominated William J. Bryan of 
Nebraska and Arthur Sewall of Maine. The People's 
Party also chose Mr. Bryan for the Presi- 
dency, but nominated Thomas E. Watson of 
Georgia for the Vice-Presidency. The platforms demanded 
the free and unlimited coinage of both gold and silver at 
the present ratio of i6 to i. The Republican party nom- 
inated William McKinley of Ohio and Garret A. Hobart 
of New Jersey. They declared in their platform against 
"the free coinage of gold and silver, except by international 
agreement with the leading commercial nations of the 
world, which we pledge ourselves to promote, and until 
such agreement can be attained the existing gold stand- 
ard must be observed. ' ' The silver question was the chief 
subject of dispute. It was a cam- 
paign of discussion and argument, 
and not of abuse. McKinley re- 
mained at his home in Canton, in 
Ohio, and delegations visited him 
from all parts of the United States. 
Brj'an, who entered the campaign 
with a national reputation as a great 
orator, visited all parts of the coun- 
try, making a number of speeches 
every day. The Republicans were 
successful. McKinley and Hobart 
were elected, receiving 271 electoral 
votes and Mr. Bryan 176, but in 
many states the electoral vote was 
gained by a small majority. Presi- 
dent McKinley was inaugurated 



TOPICAL STUDIES. 

President IWeKinley. 

William J. Bryan. 

TheDingleyTarlffBlll. 

The Destruction of the 
Maine. 

Congress Prepares 
for War. 

War Declared. 

The Battle of Manila. 

Naval Operations at 
Santiago. 

The Land Operations 
at Santiago. 

The Surrender of San- 
tiago. 

The Porto Rico Expe- 
dition. 

The Capture of Manila 

Spain Sues for Peace 

The Peace Protocol. 

The Treaty of Peace 



2C 



SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 




WILI.IAM MCKINLEY. 
William McKinley, twenty-fifth President 
- of the United States.was born at Niles, Trum- 
bull Co., Ohio, January 29,18 J3. The parents 
of William McKinley were neither poor nor 
rich. He knew nothing of grinding poverty 
or rolling wealth. He attended Allegheny 
College, Meadville, Pa., and began teaching 
school at $25.00 per month in a district near 
Poland.Ohio. When but eighteen years of age 
he enlisted in the war as a private, and was 
in the regiment of which W. S. Rosecrans 
was colonel, Stanley Matthews lieutenant- 
colonel, and ex-Prosidcnt Hayes major. He 
served throughout the war and returned as a 
major to take up the study of law at Canton. 
He was elected district attorney and in IS/b 
was elected to Congress. In 1890 a famous 
tariff measure bearing liis name was passed. 
In 1«71 he was married to Ida Saxton, a 
daughter of James Saxton, a lawyer of Can- 
ton, Ohio. In 1896 he was elected President 
of the United States. 



March 4, 1897. Two 
days after his inaugu- 
ration he called an 
extra session of Con- 
gress for the purpose 
of providing an ample 
revenue for the gov- 
ernment. Congress 
soon passed an act 
known as the Dingley 
Tariff Bill. Then im- 
mediately followed a 
series of startling 
events which seemed 
to change the 
destiny of the United 
States and its history. 
The sympathy of the 
United States had 
long been with the 
Cubans, who had been 
fighting for their in- 
dependence. General 
Weyler, who was in 
command at Havana, 



had pursued a vigorous and cruel policy toward the people. 
When the relation between our government and that of 
Spain was at its highest tension, the battle-ship Maine was 
sent on a peaceful mission to Havana. The 
Iton^'of "he" noble vessel anchored in the harbor. Cour- 
"*'"^" tesies were exchanged. The Maine was led 

to an anchorage by the Spaniards. On the night of 
February 15, 1898, it was destroyed by an explosion in 
which 266 of its crew perished. A wave of horror and 



STATE SERIES HISTORY. 



2t 



indignation swept over our countrj-. The people held 
themselves in check until a board of inquiry, which was 
at work, should report whether Spain was responsible for 
the disaster. The board was in session in Havana and at 
Key West for four weeks. Divers were employed on the 
wreck, numerous witnesses were examined, and much 
expert testimony was taken. A unanimous decision was 
reached by the court March 21st, and was as follows : 

"Thatthe loss of the Maine was not in any respect due to 
fault or negligence on the part of any of the officers or mem- 
bers of her crew; that the 
ship was destroyed by the 
explosion of a submarine 
mine, which caused the 
partial explosion of two 
or more of her forw^ard 
magazines; and that no 
evidence has been obtain- 
able fixing the responsi- 
bility for the destruction 
of the Maine upon any 
person or persons." 
The court of inquiry 
was composed of Captain W. T. Sampson, of the Iowa ; 
Captain F. C. Chadwick, of the New York; Lieutenant- 
Commander W. P. Potter, of the New^ York; and Lieu- 
tenant-Commander Adolph Marix, of the Vermont. 

The finding of the court was, that the Maine had been 
blown up by external means, and popular opinion in the 
United States supplied the motive behind the means — 
Spanish treachery, although not necessarily with the con- 
currence or knowledge of the highest Spanish authorities. 
Indeed, there was no disposition to impute guilt to Mar- 
shal Blanco, the successor of Wej^ler at Havana. 




WILLIAM J. BRYAN. 



22 



SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 



But by the time the verdict of the court was rendered, 

the war fever in the United States had risen. It was 

reflected in Congress by the appropriation 

Prepares for of $so,ooo,ooo " for national defense," the 
War. w'^ > > 

vote on the passage of the bill in both houses 
being unanimous. It was reflected in the War and Navy 
Departments by the activity in recruiting, the purchase of 

vessels and war material 
at home and abroad, and 
the dispatch of agents to 
buy warships in Europe. 
April 1 3th the Foreign 
Affairs Committees of 
both Houses 
reported joint 
resolutions, which be- 
came the subject of con- 
ference, and on April 
1 8th the con ferrees agreed 
upon the following, which 
was adopted in the Sen- 




War De 
Glared, 



QUEEN REGENT OF SPAIN. 



ate by a vote of yeas 42, nays 35, not voting 12, and in 
the House of Representatives by a vote of yeas 311, nays 
6, not voting 38 (in the House the Democrats voted gen- 
erally with the Republicans): 

Whereas, The abhorrent conditions which have 
existed for more than three years in the island of Cuba, 
so near our own borders, have shocked the moral sense 
of the people of the United States, have been a disgrace to 
civilization, culminating as they have in the destruction 
of a United States battle-ship, with 266 of its ofiicers 
and crew, while on a friendly visit in the harbor of 
Havana, and cannot longer be endured, as has been set 
forth by the President of the United States in his message 



STATE SERIES HISTORY. 



23 



to Congress of April 11, 1898, upon which the action of 
Congress was invited; therefore, 

Resolved, By the Senate and the House of Representa- 
tives of the United States of America, in Congress 
assembled — 

/r^v^/_That the people of the island of Cuba are, and 
of right ought to be, free and independent. 

Seco7id—'t\^'aX it is the duty of the United States to de- 
mand, and the government of the United States does 
hereby demand, that the government of Spain at once 




DESTRUCTION OF THE MAINE- 
Drawn from description by an onlooker on the S. S. State of Washington. 

relinquish its authority and government in the island of 
Cuba, and withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba 
and Cuban waters. 

77„>^_Xhat the President of the United States be, and 
he hereby is, directed and empowered to use the entire land 
and naval forces of the United States, and to call into the 
actual service of the United States the militia of the sev- 
eral states, to such extent as may be necessary to carry 
these resolutions into effect. 



24 



SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 



Fota-th—'t\\2X the United States hereby disclaims any 
disposition or intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdic- 
tion, or control over said island, except for the pacification 
thereof, and asserts its determination when that is com- 
pleted to leave the government and control of the island 
to its people. 

This resolution was signed by the President at 11:24 
o'clock A. M., April 20th. A copy was served on the 
Spanish minister, who asked for his passports, and im- 
mediately departed from Washington, and the contents 
were cabled to the United States minister at Madrid, 
with instructions to officially communicate them to the 
Spanish government, giving it until April 23d to reply. 

But Minister Woodford was 
not permitted by Spain to pre- 
sent the ultimatum of the 
United States, for, while he 
was preparing to do so, on the 
morning of April 21st he re- 
ceived, at seven o'clock, his 
passports from the Spanish 
Minister for Foreign Affairs, 
and this act constituted the 
actual beginning of war. 

The Spanish Cortes had 
been convened; the Queen 
Regent, accompanied by the 
boy King, had appeared be- 
fore it in state and read an 
address calling upon it to 
provide for the national de- 
fense and rally around the 
KING Ai.FONho 01- SPAIN thronc, aud on April 24th it 
formally recognized llie existence of war. 




STATE SERIES HISTX3RY. 



^5 



The President on April 21st proclaimed the blockade 
of the coast of Cuba and ordered Admiral Sampson' s fleet 
to enforce it. On April 23d he issued a call for 125,000 
volunteers. The next few days, the movement ^ of 
volunteer troops began, while the regular army was being 
concentrated at Chickamauga. An extensive camp was 
laid out at Tampa, Florida. 

On May ist, Admiral Dewey sailed into Manila Bay 

from Hongkong and fired the shot that 
TheBattleof ,, . • -. a 

Manila. thrilled the world. At sunrise he engaged 

the Spanish fleet of war vessels commanded by Admiral 

Montojo. Before noon 
the Spanish fleet was 
entirely destroyed, 
with a loss of 412 
ofiicers and men killed 
and wounded, while 
on the American side 
there were none killed 
and but seven 
wounded. This naval 
victory was so com- 
plete and eflective that 
the name of Dewey 
has become celebrated 
in song, story and his- 
tory as the great 
American hero. 

On May 31st, the 

combined fleets of 

Sam p- 

Naval Opera- , 

tions at SOU and 

Santiago. _» , , 

Schley 

bombarded the forts 
Cervera with his entire fleet 




ADMIRAL DEWEY. 
George Dewev was born in Montpelier, in 
Vermont, in 1838. He entered the Naval 
Academy, and was graduated with honors in 
1858. He was with Farragut's fleet in the 
capture of New Orleans. He served in 1868 
and 1869 at the Naval Academy at Annapolis. 
He received his first command in 1870, when 
he was placed in charge of the Narragansett. 
In 18S2 he was appointed to command the 
Juniata in the Asiatic squadron. His com- 
mission as commodore was not gjiven him 
until the close of February , 1896. In 1897 be 
was assigned to the command of the -Asiatic 
squadron in the Chinese waters, and on May 
1, 1898, he gave orders to Gridley to fire the 
shot that led to the great naval victory. He 
returned to America in October, 1899, and his 
reception at New York was one of the most 
notablein the history of this country. $50,000 
wasraised by public subscription and a house 
purchased and presented to him in Washing- 
ton, D. C. A few months after his arrival 
there he married Mrs. Hazen. 

at the entrance of Santiago. 



26 



SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 



was "bottled up" in the harbor. The American fleet 
was unable to enter the harbor, on account of the mines 




MAP OF MANILA BAY. 

planted in the channel. Th2 national experts decided 
that a land force was necessary to drive the Spanish out. 

In order that Cervera 
should have no oppor- 
tunity to escape, Naval 
Constructor Richard P. 
Hobson conceived the 
l^rilliant and darins^ 
.scheme of sinking;- the 
Merrimac at the entrance 
of the harbor. Con- 
structor Hobson, with 
seven men, volunteered 
'^'^>///'l^ \ Wlj' /'' to take the Merrimac and 

NAVAL CONSTRUCTOR HOBSON. ^ink her in the narrowest 




STATE SERIES HISTORY. 



27 



part of the channel. Under the eyes of the American 
fleet and the guns of the Spanish forts, the Merrimac 
was pushed in at full steam and a hole blown in her 
hull and she was sunk. Hobson and his men escaped 
the shots of the enemy on a small craft, but were 
captured by the Spaniards. This was on June 3d. There 
was now nothing for the fleet to do but to wait the com- 
ing of the land forces. In the mean time the battle-ship 
Oregon had sailed from 
San Francisco around 
Cape Horn and joined the 
fleet at Santiago, a dis- 
tance of 14,000 miles in 
less than six weeks. After 
the landing of General 
Shafter's army and the 
attack on the outer works 
of the city of Santiago had 
begun, the fleet assisted 




REAR ADMIRAI, SAMPSON. 



very much by taking up 
positions enfilading the 
shore batteries. Cervera, 
finding that the channel 
was not entirely obstruct- 
ed by the Merrimac, and 
knowing that the ad- 
vent of the army meant 
the capture of his ships, 
determined to make an 
effort to save a part of 
them by steaming boldly 
out and rushing by the Americans. He pushed his vessels 
out in single column, and, once past the batteries, turned 
at right angles, well knowing that the Brooklyn, the 




''^yv/ - 



REAR ADMIRAI, SCHLEY. 













'U\koMm^'^ ' mrm. • 



f 



/,m.. ^1 ''riii« 




as, 

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5 o 

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P o '^ 
lu M <; 

tut, a 
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ij pq 






STATE SERIES HISTORY. 



29 



fastest of the blockaders, would be in the lead, and hoping, 
by concentrating his heaviest fire upon her, to destroy her 
and escape with at least a part of his fleet. The time chosen 
was Sunday morning, July 3d, about 9:30 o'clock. The 
four Spanish armored cruisers and two torpedo boats were 
destroyed within two hours after the opening gun, with 
a loss of 600 killed and drowned to the Spanish, and nearly 
2,000 captured, including Admiral Cervera. On the 
American side the loss was one man killed and one wounded. 

After the destruction of 
the Spanish fleet, Santi- 
ago harbor was presumed 
to be open to the Ameri- 
can ships, but on account 
of the mines it was 
thought wise to delay an 
entrance, and the subse- 
quent fighting by the land 
forces brought about the 
capitulation of the city. 
There was practically, on 
the part of Spain, but 
little initiative after this 
affair, and the remainder 
of the war was spent by 
the fleet in convoying admiral cervera. 

troop vessels to Santiago and Porto Rico, and in main- 
taining the blockade and capturing prizes. 

At the beginning of the war, the problem being whether 
the American or Spanish navy was superior, it was not 

designed to use troops in Porto Rico or 
The Land ^ 

Operations Cuba. The plan, as a whole, was to pre- 

at Santiago. ... 

pare and hold them in readmess, and when 
the sickly season was over, to transport them to Cuba to 




30 



SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 




GENERAL SHAFTER. 



take the oflfensive. But at the same time it was known 

that the Cubans were 
^ ^^- starving, and to relieve 

them, and to arm the 
Cuban soldiers, several 
small expeditions were 
planned and carried out. 
The first was under the 
direction of Brigadier- 
General R. C. Hall, and 
the immediate com- 
mander was Capt. J. J. 
O'Connell, First United 
States Infantry. It suc- 
ceeded in landing sup- 
plies for the Cuban military forces and food stores for the 
reconcentrados. Several expeditions were subsequently 
made by Capt. J. H. Dorst, Fourth United States Cav- 
alry. A large expedition, consisting of 5,000 officers and 
men, under command of Major-General \V. R. Shafter, 
United States Volunteers, was organized, and designed 
to land at Tunas, on the south side of Cuba, but the news 
of Cervera's fleet being on the route north caused the sus- 
pension of this movement. 

On May 30th definite information was received that 
Cervera was in the harbor of Santiago, and that the navy 
needed the assistance of the army to capture him. This 
was the cause of the famous Santiago campaign. Orders 
were given to General Shafter to put his entire corps — the 
Fifth — on transports and take it to Santiago. At the 
time it was expected that the transports engaged would 
take about 25,000 men. Of this expedition General Miles, 
in his report, says : "It was found that many of the 
steamers were not suitable for transport service, they 



STATE SERIES HISTORY. 



31 




THEODORE ROOSEVELT. 



having been entirely built for freight service and not 
equipped for properly conveying troops and munitions of 

war. The accumulation 
of the large amount of 
supplies and war material 
for 70,000 men at Tampa 
had crowded that place, 
and owing to the absence 
of depots and facilities for 
handling that amount of 
material, occasioned great 
delay in properly equip- 
ping the expedition in- 
tended for Santiago. It 
was, however, supplied, 
and orders given for the 
proper embarkation of 
troops, which were to sail June 8th. The movement was, 
however, suspended, owing to the report received that 
the Spanish war-vessels had been seen in the Nicholas 
channel. The expedition, consisting of 803 officers and 
14,935 troops, finally sailed on June 14th, leaving some 
10,000 troops that were expected to move with the ex- 
pedition, but which could not do so owing to the insuffi- 
cient amount of transportation." 

In his own report General Shafter places the number 
of officers on the expedition as 815, and the men 16,072. 
On the morning of June 20th the convoy arrived off" Guan- 
tanamo Bay, where some two weeks before a small force 
of marines had landed and successfully held the town and 
adjacent country. On June 2 2d the disembarkation of 
the army began at Daiquiri. By night, 6,000 troops had 
made land, and on the 23d a similar number were disem- 
barked, and by the evening of the 24th the troops were 



32 



SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 




GKN. JOE WHEKLER. 



all on shore. The Spanish troops made but little resist- 
ance, and on June 23d General La wton's division reached 

Sibonej'. It pushed for- 
ward on the 24th, so that 
Kent's division might 
occupy the place on that 
day. The Americans 
were assisted by a body 
of Cubans of uncertain 
number, under General 
Garcia, during these 
movements. 

The orders then con- 
templated that Lawton's 
division should take up 
on June 24th a strong 
defensive position on the road from Siboney to Santiago, 
and Kent's division was to be held near Santiago. Gen- 
eral Bates' brigade was to be in support of Lawton, while 
Wheeler's cavalry division was to be in the rear, on the 
road from Daiquiri to Siboney. General Young's brigade, 
of Wheeler's division, however, passed Lawton on the 
night of the 23d-24th, and was therefore in advance on 
the morning of the 24th. It consisted of part of the Tenth 
United States Cavalry and two battalions of the First 
Volunteer Cavalry, known as the Rough Riders. On the 
road to Santiago, about three miles from Siboney, is a 
strong natural position called Las Guasimas. Here the 
enemy were posted in considerable strength, and Young's 
brigade of 964 men, including the Rough Riders, was 
taken by surprise. After an obstinate resistance the enemy 
were driven from their position with a reported loss of 9 
killed and 27 wounded. The Americans lost i officer and 
15 men killed, and 6 officers and 46 men wounded. 



STATE SERIES HISTORY. 



33 



After this engagement the time up to June 30th was 
spent in concentrating the American troops and making 
preparations for further advance. To the northeast of 
Santiago was the village of El Caney, and on the same 
side, some two or three miles from it, were the San Juan 
hills and block-houses. It was evident that the proper 







TAMPA WHARF. LOADING THE TRANSPORTS. 

approach to the town was by that direction, and therefore 
it was decided to attack and carry these positions without 
further delay. There were but four light batteries, of 
four guns each, in the army, and Lawton's division, 
assisted by Capron'sbatterj^ was ordered to move out that 
day — June 30th — and make an attack early in the morn- 
ing of July I St toward El Caney. Then, after carrying 





psjm? f 







>^ 



^V <vJ 



^'^^<'M' vte. I'll '/ \ 






V 



i o 







Ill 1 4. c, 






STATE SERIES HISTORV. 35 

El Caney, he was to move by the road of that name 
toward Santiago, and take a position on the extreme right 
of the line. Grimes' battery, of the Second, attached to 
Kent's division, had orders the same afternoon to prepare 
the way next morning for the advance of Kent's and 
Wheeler's divisions on the San Juan hills, the attack on 
which was to be delayed by the infantry until I^awton's 
guns were heard at El Caney. 

About this time the news was brought that the Spanish 
General Pando, with reinforcements of 8,000 men, was 
making rapid approach and would soon enter Santiago 
from the northwest. Early on July ist, L,awton was in 
position, Chaffee's brigade on the right, Ludlow's on the 
left, and Miles' in the center. The conflict opened at six 
o'clock A. M., and soon became general. The naturally 
strong position of the enemy was rendered doubly so by 
stone block-houses and forts. After two hours' fighting 
Bates' brigade was ordered from the rear to the support 
of Lawton, and the 'battle continued. It was in these 
assaults that the Seventy-First Regiment of New York 
Volunteers participated. The Spaniards fought with great 
obstinac}^, but were slowly and surely driven from their 
intrenchments and forced to retire. After Lawton had 
become well engaged. Grimes' battery from the heights 
of El Pozo opened fire on the San Juan block-houses very 
effectively. The Spaniards replied with field pieces and 
smokeless powder. They soon had our range, while their 
smokeless powder made it difficult to determine their 
exact locality. 

The troops of Wheeler's and Kent's divisions, which 
up to this time had been partially concealed, were ordered 
to deploy — Wheeler to the right, toward Lawton, and 
Kent to the left. We here quote General Shafter: 

"In the mean time Kent's division, with the exception 



36 



SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 



of two regiments of Hawkins' brigade, being thus un- 
covered, moved rapidly to the front from the forks 




MAP OF SANTIAGO. 

previously mentioned in the road, utilizing both trails, 
but more especially the one to the k-ft, and, crossing the 



STATE SERIES HISTORY. 37 

creek, formed for attack in the front of San Juan Hill. 
During this formation the Second Brigade suffered 
severely. While personally superintending this move- 
ment, its gallant commander, Colonel Wikofif, was 
killed. The command of the brigade then devolved 
upon Lieutenant-Colonel Worth, Thirteenth Infantry, 
who was soon severely wounded, and next upon Lieuten- 
ant-Colonel Liscum, Twenty-fourth Infantry, who, five 
minutes later, also fell under the terrible fire of the 
enemy, and the command of the brigade then developed 
upon Lieutenant-Colonel Ewers, Ninth Infantry. 

"While the formation just described was taking place, 
General Kent took measures to hurry forward his rear 
brigade. The Tenth and Second Infantry were ordered 
to follow Wikofif s brigade, while the Twenty-first was 
sent on the right-hand road to support the First Brigade, 
under General Hawkins, who had crossed the stream 
and formed on the right of the division. The Second 
and Tenth Infantry, Col. E. P. Pearson commanding, 
moved forward in good order on the left of the division, 
passed over a green knoll, and drove the enemy back 
toward his trenches. 

"After completing their formation under a destructive 
fire, and advancing a short distance, both divisions found 
in their front a wide bottom, in which had been placed 
a barbed-wire entanglement, and beyond which was a 
high hill, along the crest of which the enemy was 
strongly posted. Nothing daunted, these brave men 
pushed forward to drive the enemy from his chosen 
position, both divisions losing heavily. In this assault, 
Colonel Hamilton, Lieutenants Smith and Shipp were 
killed, and Colonel Carroll, Lieutenants Thayer and 
Meyer, all in the cavalry, were wounded." 

"^he battle of July ist, called the battle of El Caney, 



38 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 

was over, with the Americans holding strongly all they 
had gained during the day. The losses were very 
heavy, and the reputed coming of General Pando made 
it necessary at once to continue the struggle the next 
day, and gain a decided victory before the enemy could 
be strengthened. The troops had advanced and 
carried certain positions, but the enemy was evidently in 
stronger ones, and it was necessary to drive him out at 
once. During the afternoon of July ist the two remain- 
ing batteries were brought up and placed in position near 
Grimes, and directed to play on the enemy's trenches. 
General DuflBeld's brigade, composed of the Thirty-third 
and Thirty-fourth Michigan anda Massachusetts regiment, 
was ordered to assault Aguadores, a small outpost. 
During the afternoon and night of July ist the American 
lines were rearranged and strengthened, and on the morn- 
ing of the 2d, the enemy himself opened the battle by 
making a fierce assault. But while Kent and Wheeler 
remained behind their works repelling numerous assaults, 
lyawton advanced his lines and gained strong and com- 
manding positions on the right. On the morning of 
July 3d the fighting was renewed, but the enemy soon 
gave way and firing ceased. 

At 8:30 o'clock A. M. this day General Shafter made a 
demand on the Spanish commander for the surrender of 
his army and the city of Santiago. This message went 
under a flag of truce, and while the demand was not ac- 
cepted, there was sufficient evidence of a willingness to 
negotiate for General Shafter to determine to wait. The 
destruction of Cervera's squadron had had its effect. In 
the mean time, while reinforcements for the Americans 
were on their way, there was continual parleying, so that 
finally on July 17th the Spaniards surrendered the city 
and province of Santiago de Cuba, with over 22,000 



STATE SERIES HISTORY, 



39 



troops. Thus ended the campaign. It was won by the 
splendid discipline and courage of the soldiers. The 
losses of the three days — July ist, 2d, and 3d— were 22 
officers and 208 men killed, and 81 officers and 1,203 men 
wounded, and 79 men missing. The Spanish loss is not 
accurately known, but is believed to be upward of 1,500 
officers and men killed and wounded. 

The Santiago campaign was marked by superb fighting, 
courage, and discipline on the part of the private soldier 

andhisimmediateofficers. 

Manila was 
The Popto , , 

Rieo Expedi- won through 
tion. , J 

the navy and 

practically by it. The 
Porto Rican campaign 
was a general's campaign 
and the only brilliant 
land movement of the 
war. From beginning 
to end it was well 
planned and executed. 
The credit belongs to the 
commanding general of 
the army. Early in June he contemplated a movement 
on Porto Rico, when the time should arrive, but it was 
not till Santiago had fallen that his way was clear. On 
July 2ist he left Guantanamo, Cuba, with 3,415 officers 
and men. Porto Rico was then garrisoned by a force of 
8,233 Spanish regulars and 9,107 volunteers. Other 
expeditions were embarked and hastened to strengthen 
General Miles' force. 

It was presumed that he would attempt to land at Fort 
Fajardo, near San Juan, the principal town. The first 
bit of strategy in the war was exhibited in the skill with 




GEN. NELSON A. MILES. 



40 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 

which his movements were concealed. Directing the navy 
to shell the town of Ponce, while other vessels made 
demonstrations off San Juan, he landed his troops quietly 
and quickly on July 25th at Guanica, near Ponce, and 
after a short but spirited engagement the Spanish troops 
were driven back. Between this time and July 31st the 
brigades of Generals Ernst, Schwan, and Henry disem- 
barked and were rapidly thrown out in the various roads 
leading around the island, but the stronger force was kept 
on the main causeway leading direct from Ponce to San 
Juan. An engagement occurred August loth, in which 
the army lost i man killed and 16 wounded. At Coamo, 
on August 9th, the troops under General Ernst had an en- 
gagement resulting in the capture of 167 Spanish soldiers. 
All preparations had been made bj^ August 12th for a 
decisive combat, when the news of suspension of hostili- 
ties arrived. In his report General Miles says: "Dur- 
ing nineteen days of active campaign on the island of 
Porto Rico a large portion of the island was captured by 
United States forces and brought under our control. 
Our forces were in such a position as to make the Spanish 
positions untenable, outside of that of the garrison of 
San Juan. The Spaniards had been defeated or captured 
in six different engagements which took place, and in 
every direction and position they had occupied up to 
that time. The success of the enterprise was largely 
due to the good generalship and skill of the officers in 
command of the different divisions and brigades. Strategy 
and skillful tactics accomplished what might have 
occasioned serious loss in any other way. The loss of 
the enemy in killed, wounded, and captured was 
nearly ten times our own, which was only 3 killed 
and 40 wounded. Thus the island of Porto Rico be- 
came a part of the United States." 



STATE SERIES HISTORY. 



41 



The capture of Porto Rico was the last active land 
operation of the war. 

Early in May the news of the destruction of the 

Spanish fleet at Manila was received, and the further 

^^ ^ , information that although Dewey might 

The Capture ° 1 j 

of Manila. take the city by bombardment, he could 

not hold it or the adjacent country without land forces. 




BATTLE OF MANILA BAY. 



Gen. Wesley Merritt was appointed military governor 
of the Philippine Islands, and assigned to the command 
of the Eighth Corps, with the headquarters in San Fran- 
cisco. He was directed to prepare and send his troops as 
rapidly as possible to the investment of Manila. Trans- 
ports were chartered, and on May 25th the first expedi- 
tion, consisting of 158 officers and 3,428 men, sailed. 



42 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 

Other expeditions rapidly followed on June 3d, 27th, 
and 29th, in middle August and in September and 
October. General Merritt himself accompanied the 
third expedition, and arrived at the Philippines late in 
July. The preceding expeditions, commanded by 
Generals Anderson and Greene, had invested the outer 
lines of Manila, and, with the assistance of the insurgents 
under Chief Aguinaldo, had fairly well surrounded the 
Spanish lines. Malate, a suburb of Manila, was the 
center of the Spanish position. The American forces 
were, on July 31st, reinforced by a division under General 
MacArthur, making their strength something over 11,000 
men. About 750 yards in front of Malate a line of 
breastworks 250 yards long was thrown up, and behind this 
vrere posted the Tenth Pennsjdvania Volunteer Infantry 
and part of the Utah Volunteer Artillery. The insurgents 
had withdrawn to celebrate some feast, and the Spanish, 
over 3,000 strong, determined to take advantage of this 
fact to attack the American position. They assaulted 
both flanks and the front, and securing a cross fire, pretty 
thoroughly demoralized the Pennsylvanians. The Utah 
battery was cooler, but was being thrown into confusion 
when the opportune arrival of a small force of regulars. 
Battery K, Third Artillery, restored confidence. The 
Pennsylvanians had suffered severely in endeavoring to 
move four companies across an open field to reinforce the 
right flank. Couriers were dispatched for General 
Greene and for reinforcements and ammunition. The 
courier was met by Captain O'Hara, of the Third Artil- 
lery, who, without waiting for orders, sent out the re- 
maining battery, H, of the Third, and himself hastened 
to assist Lieutenants Krayenl)uhl and Kessler, who, with 
Battery K, had succeeded in bringing the advancing Span- 
iards to a halt. The arrival of Battery H made the regular 



STATE SERIES HISTORY. 43 

battalion about 125 men, and they going in with a cheer 
and a rapid and most effective fire, the enem}^ was soon put 
to rout. Reinforcements under Greene soon arrived, 
and the Spanish were driven off. The honors of the 
day seem to have rested entirely with the small regular 
battalion. The following night there was more fighting. 
The total loss to the Spaniards was very heavy, while to 
the Americans it was slight. On the arrival of General 
Merritt it was at once determined to force the situation. 
The Spanish commander was summoned to surrender, 
and asked for time to consult with his government. A 
truce was granted and prolonged until August r3th, when 
it was decided by the American commanders to end the 
suspense by an immediate land and sea attack. The 
bombardment bj^ the fleet opened in the morning of that 
day, while General Greene attacked the city defenses, 
losing 8 killed and 40 wounded. Not long after noon 
Manila capitulated. 

The destruction of the effective force of its navy, the 
evident inability of its arms to resist the conquest of its 
Spain Sues colonial possessions by the enemy, and the 
foF Peace. exhaustion of its finances at last satisfied the 
Spanish ministry that the time had arrived when it 
must brave public sentiment at home, if needs be, and 
seek for peace. The French ambassador in the United 
States was made the medium of an inquiry if the United 
States government would be willing to intimate what 
terms it would require as a condition of the cessation of 
hostilities. On July 26th, M. Cambon, the ambassador, 
approached the President informally on the subject. His 
advances were favorably considered, and on July 30th he 
received from the President an outline of the conditions 
which our government would require. On August 9th 
these were formally accepted by Spain, and the French 



44 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 

ambassador was officially clothed with power by the 

Spanish Government to sign a protocol. 

This instrument was drawn up by Secretary of State 

Tu«o»„.,» Day and Ambassador Cambon, and for- 
The Peace -^ 

Protocol. mally signed by them August 12th, at 4:23 

o'clock in the afternoon. Its exact text was as follows : 
Protocol of agreement between the United States and 
Spain, embodying the terms of a basis for the establish- 
ment of peace between the two countries : 

William R. Day, Secretary of State of the United States, 
and His Excellency Jules Cambon, Ambassador Extraor- 
dinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of France 
at Washington, respectfully possessing for this purpose 
full authority from the government of the United States 
and the government of Spain, have concluded and signed 
the following articles, embodying the terms on which the 
two governments have agreed in respect to the matters 
hereinafter set forth, having in view the establishment of 
peace between the two countries, that is to say : 

Article I. Spain will relinquish all claim of sover- 
eignty over and title to Cuba. 

Article II. Spain will cede to the United States the 
island of Porto Rico and other islands now under Spanish 
sovereignty in the West Indies, and also an island in the 
Ladrones to be selected by the United States. 

Article III. The United States will occupy and hold 
the city, bay, and harbor of Manila pending the conclusion 
of the treaty of peace, which shall determine the control, 
disposition and government of the Philippines. 

Article IV. Spain will immediately evacuate Cuba, 
Porto Rico, and other islands now under Spanish sov- 
ereignty in the West Indies; and to this end each govern- 
ment will, within ten days after the signing of this 
protocol, appoint commissioners, and the commissioners 



STATE SERIES HISTORY. 45 

SO appointed shall, within thirty days after the signing of 
this protocol, meet at Havana for the purpose of arrang- 
ing and carrying out the details of the aforesaid evacuation 
of Cuba and the adjacent Spanish islands, and each 
government will, within ten days after the signing of this 
protocol, appoint other commissioners, who shall, within 
thirty days after the signing of this protocol, meet at San 
Juan, in Porto Rico, for the purpose of arranging and 
carrying out the details of the aforesaid evacuation of Porto 
Rico and other islands now under Spanish sovereignty in 
the West Indies. 

Article V. The United States and Spain will each 
appoint not more than five commissioners to treat of peace, 
and the commissioners so appointed shall meet at Paris 
not later than October i, 1898, and proceed to the nego- 
tiation and conclusion of a treaty of peace, which treaty 
shall be subject to ratification according to the respective 
constitutional forms of the two countries. 

Article VI. Upon the conclusion and signing of this 
protocol, hostilities between the two countries shall be 
suspended, and notice to that effect shall be given as soon 
as possible by each government to the commanders of its 
military and naval forces. 

Done at Washington, in duplicate, in English and in 
French, by the undersigned, who have hereunto set their 
hands and seals, the 12th day of August, 1898. 

William R. Day. [seal] 
Jules Cambon. [seal] 

The Treaty of Peace. — The following is a synopsis of 
the Treaty of Peace : 

Article i provides for the relinquishment of Cuba. 

Article 2 provides for the cession of Porto Rico. 

Article 3 provides for the cession of the Philippines for 
the sum of $20,000,000 as compensation. 



46 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 

Article 4 embraces the plans for the cession of the 
Philippines, including the return of Spanish prisoners in 
the hands of the Tagalos. 

Article 5 deals with the cession of barracks, war 
materials, arms, stores, buildings, and all property apper- 
taining to the Spanish administration in the Philippines. 

Article 6 is a renunciation by both nations of their 
respective claims against each other and the citizens of 
each other. 

Article 7 grants to Spanish trade and shipping in the 
Philippines the same treatment as American trade and 
shipping for a period of ten j-ears. 

Article 8 provides for the release of all prisoners of war 
held by Spain and of all prisoners held by her for political 
offenses committed in the colonies acquired by the United 
States. 

Article 9 guarantees the legal rights of Spaniards 
remaining in Cuba. 

Article 10 establishes religious freedom in the Philip- 
pines and guarantees to all churches equal rights. 

Article 1 1 provides for the composition of courts and 
other tribunals in Porto Rico and Cuba. 

Article 12 provides for the administration of justice in 
Porto Rico and Cuba. 

Article 13 provides for the continuance for five years of 
Spanish copyrights in ceded territories, giving Spanish 
books admittance free of duty. 

Article 14 provides for the establishment of consulates 
by Spain in the ceded territories. 

Article 15 grants to vSpanish commerce in Cuba, Porto 
Rico, and the Philippines the same treatment as to Ameri- 
can for ten years, Spanish shipping to ])e treated as 
coasting vessels. 

Article 16 stipulates that the obligations of the United 



STATE SERIES HISTORY. 47 

States to Spanish citizens and property in Cuba shall 
terminate with the withdrawal of the United States 
authorities from the island. 

Article 17 provides that the treaty must be ratified 
within six months from the date of signing by the 
respective governments in order to be binding. 

Under the supervision of the evacuation commissioners, 
the removal of Spanish troops from Cuba and Porto Rico 
began immediately after the arrival of the American com- 
missioners in those islands. The complete evacuation of 
Porto Rico was accomplished by October 17th, and on 
October iSth the United States flag was hoisted at San 
Juan and the United States came into formal possession 
of the island. 



QUESTIONS. 

What was the Dingley TariflF Bill ? 
Who was General Weyler ? 
Tell about the loss of the Maine. 
How did Congress prepare for war ? 
Give the substance of the resolutions. 
How did Spain receive the declaration of war? 
How did the President secure troops ? 
Describe the battle of Manila. 
Give an account of the life of Dewey. 
Give an account of the naval operations at Santiago. 
Describe Hobson's heroic deed. 

Give an account of the destruction of Cervera's fleet. 
Give an account of the landing of American troops on the island 
of Cuba. 

Who were the Rough Riders ? 

Describe the battle of El Caney. 

Name some of the prominent generals who took part in the battle. 

Give an account of General Shafter. 

Tell about the surrender of the Spanish commander. 



4.8 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 

Give an account of the Porto Rico expedition. 

Describe the capture of Manila. 

Name some of the generals who took part. 

Give an account of how our troops were taken to Manila. 

How did Spain make overtures for peace ? 

What is meant by the peace protocol ? 

Describe the protocol between the United States and Spain. 

By whom was the protocol signed ? 

What was the treaty of peace ? 

Give the essential features of it. 



CHAPTER IV. 



February 4, 1899, the war between the Filipinos 
under Aguinaldo and the Americans began. The fight- 
ing, which continued for several days in the vicinity of 
Manila, was very severe. The American loss was 57 

killed and 215 wounded. 
500 Filipinos were killed 
and 1,000 wounded and 
500 captured. In all the 
engagements which fol- 
lowed up to February i, 
1900, the Americans were 
almost uniformly suc- 
cessful, the enemy re- 
tiring after making a 
more or less determined 
stand. A chronology of 
events is as follows : 
February loth — Battle of Caloocan. 
March 13th to 19th — General Wheaton attacked and 
occupied Pasig. 

March 21st to 30th — General Mac Arthur advanced 
toward and captured Malolos. 

April 25th to May 5th — General MacArthur captured 
Calumpit and San Fernando. 

April 22dto May 17th — General 
L,awton led an expedition to San 
Isidro. 

June loth to 19th — Generals 
I,awton and Wheaton advanced 
south to Imus. 




AGUINALDO. 



TOPICAL STUDIES. 

The Philippine War. 

Aguinaldo. 

The Philippine Com- 
mission. 

General Otis. 

The Samoan Settle- 
ment. 
The Peace Congress. 



50 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 

June 26th — General Hall took Calamba. 

Military operations were partially suspended during the 
rainy season, but General MacArthur captured Angeles, 
August i6th. 

Meanwhile the southern islands w^ere occupied by the 
American forces; Iloilo by General Miller February nth, 
Cebu by the navy March 27th, and Negros, Mindanao, 
and the smaller islands subsequently. 

A treaty was concluded with the Sultan of Sulu, in 
which his rights were guaranteed, and he acknowledged 
the supremacy of the United States. 

The Philippine Commission appointed by the President, 
and composed of President J. G. Schurman of Cornell 
University; Professor Dean Worcester, Charles Denby, 
late Minister to China; Admiral Dewey, and General Otis, 
began its labors at Manila March 20th and continued 
until ordered home in September. The commission pre- 
pared and submitted its preliminary report to the President 
at Washington November 2d. The commission issued 
a proclamation to the people of the Philippine Islands on 
April 4th, the conditions of which were, in substance, as 
follows: 

1. The supremacy of the United States must and will 
be enforced throughout every part of the archipelago, and 
those who resist can accomplish nothing except their own 
ruin. 

2. The amplest liberty of self-government will be 
granted which is reconcilable with the j ust , stable, effective, 
and economical administration, and compatible with the 
sovereign rights and obligations of the United States. 

3. The civil rights of the Filipinos will be guaranteed 
and protected, their religious freedom will be assured, and 
all will have equal standing before the law. 



STATE SERIES HISTORY. 51 

4. Honor, justice, and friendship forbid the exploita- 
tion of the people of the islands. The purpose of the 
American government is the welfare and advancement of 
the Filipino people. 

5. It guarantees an honest and efifective civil service, 
in which, to the fullest extent practicable, natives shall 
be employed. 

6. The collection and application of taxes and other 
revenues will be put upon a sound, honest, and economical 
basis. The public funds, raised justly and collected 
honestly, will be applied only to defraying the proper 
expenses of the establishment and maintenance of the 
Philippine government, and such general improvements as 
public interests demand. Local funds collected for local 
purposes shall not be diverted to other ends. With such 
prudent and honest fiscal administration it is believed that 
the needs of the government will in a short time become 
compatible with a considerable reduction in taxation. 

7. The establishment of a pure, speedy, and effective 
administration of justice, by which the evils of delay, 
corruption, and exploitation will be effectively eradicated. 

8. The construction of roads, railroads, and other 
means of transportation and communication, and other 
public works of manifest advantage to the people, will be 
promoted. 

9. Domestic and foreign trade and commerce and other 
industrial pursuits and the general development of the 
country in the interest of its inhabitants will be the con- 
stant object of solicitude and fostering care. 

ID. Effective provision will be made for the establish- 
ment of elementary schools, in which the children of the 
people will be educated. Appropriate facilities will also 
be made for higher education. 



52 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 

II. Reforms in all departments of the government, 
all branches of the public service, and all corporations 
closely touching the common life of the people must be 
undertaken without delay and effected conformably with 
common right and justice, in a way to satisfy the well- 
founded demands and the higher sentiments and aspira- 
tions of the Philippine people. 

With the advance of the dry season, military operations 

on a much larger scale than heretofore were begun, the 

army of occupation having been reinforced by 30,000 men. 

September 28th— General Mac Arthur, after several days' 

fighting, occupied Porac. 

October ist to loth — General Schwan's column operated 
in the south part of lyUzon, and captured Rosario and 
Malabon. 

November 7th — A military expedition on board trans- 
ports, under General Wheaton, captured Dagupan. 
November 14th — Major Bell entered Tarlac. 
November 14th — Brisk fighting near San Jacinto. 
Major John A. Logan was killed. 

November 24th — General Otis announced to the War 
Department that the whole of central Luzon was in the 
hands of the United States authorities; that the President 
of the Filipino Congress, the Filipino Secretary of 
State, and Treasurer were captured, and that only small 
bands of the enemy were in arms, retreating in different 
directions, while Aguinaldo, with a small escort, was 
being pursued toward the mountains. 

November 26th— The navy captured Vigan, on the 

coast. 

December nth— The President directed General Otis 
to open the ports of the Philippines to commerce. 

December 19th— General Lawton was killed in attack- 
ing San Mateo. 



STATK SERIES HISTORY, 



53 




GEN. HENRY W. LAWTON. 

Henry W. Lawton was born in Ohio. 
April 18, 1S61, he enlisted in thearmy ana 
served his country almost continuously 
until he met a soldier's death. His record 
in the Civil War, ISGl to 1865, his capture of 
Geronimo in 1886, his brave leadership in 
Cuba ia 1898, and his energetic campaign 
in the Philippines are such as to place him 
among the great American heroes. The 
people showed their appreciation of his 
services by raising a fund of almost 
$100,000 and presenting it to his widow. 



The Samoan 
Settlement. 



It was officially an- 
nounced at Berlin and 
London, November 8, 
1899, that an 
agreement, 
subject to the approval 
of the United States, had 
been concluded between 
Great Britain and Ger- 
many, by virtue of which 
the Samoan Act was 
repealed, and the islands 
of Upolu Savaii, and the 
small adjacent islands, 
went to Germany as free 
property, and the island 
of Tutuila and its sub- 
sidiary islands to the 
United States. Great 
Britain renounced any 
claim to the Samoan 
turn, renounced any 
and to Savage Island 
also ceded Cboiseul and 



Islands, and Germany, in 

claim to the Tonga Islands 

in favor of Great Britain and 

San Isabel, the two easterly islands of the Solomon group, 

with their insular surroundings, to Great Britain. 

In 1898 the Emperor of Russia proposed an international 

conference to consider terms of a universal peace through- 
out the world. The Peace Conference 
assembled at The Hague, Netherlands, Maj'- 
18, 1899, and continued in session until the 

day of final adjournment, July 29, 1899. The United 

States of America was represented by Seth L,ow, Andrew 



The Univer- 
sal Peace 
Conference 
of 1899. 



54 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 

D. White, Stanford Newel, Capt. William Crozier, Capt. 
A. T. Mahan. 

The work of the Conference had been previously out- 
lined by the Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Count 
Muravieff, as follows: 

1 . An understanding not to increase for a fixed period 
the present effective of the armed military and naval 
forces, and at the same time not to increase the budgets 
pertaining thereto; a preliminary examination of the 
means by which a reduction might even be effected in 
future in the forces and budgets above mentioned. 

2. To prohibit the use in armies and fleets of any new 
kind of firearms whatever, and of new explosives, or any 
powders more powerful than those now in use either for 
rifles or cannon. 

3. To restrict the use in military warfare of the for- 
midable explosives already existing, and to prohibit the 
throwing of projectiles or explosives of any kind from 
balloons or by any similar means. 

4. To prohibit the use in naval warfare of submarine 
torpedo boats or plungers, or other similar engines of 
destruction; to give an undertaking not to construct 
vessels with rams in the future. 

5. To apply to naval warfare the stipulations of the 
Geneva Convention of 1864, on the basis of the articles 
added to the Convention of 1868. 

6. To neutralize ships and boats employed in saving 
those overboard during or after an engagement. 

7. To revise the declaration concerning the laws and 
customs of war elaborated in 1874 by the Conference of 
Brussels, which has remained unratified to the present 
day. 

8. To accept in principle the employment of the good 
ofiices of mediation and facultative arbitration in cases 



STATE SERIES HISTORY. 55 

lending themseh^es thereto, with the object of preventing 
armed conflicts between nations; an understanding with 
respect to the mode of applying these good offices, 
and the establishment of a uniform practice in using 
them. 

It is well understood that all questions concerning the 
political relations of states and the order of things estab- 
lished by treaties, as generally all questions which do not 
directly fall within the program adopted by the cabinets, 
must be absolutel}' excluded from the deliberations of 
the Conference. 

The Conference was opened by Queen Wilhelmina, as 
hostess, and Baron de Staal, as the representative of the 
Emperor of Russia and as President of the Conference, 
made a formal statement of its business. Three commit- 
tees were constituted: i. On Armaments; 2, On Rules 
of War; 3. On Arbitration. These were subsequently 
divided into sections to which separate subjects were 
referred. 

On following days, presidents and vice-presidents of 
the committees were chosen. The sections met and 
considered their subjects and reported to the committees. 
These in turn accepted or rejected the results of the sec- 
tions and reported to the Conference, which acted upon 
their conclusions. 

In reference to armaments the opinion of the Confer- 
ence was expressed in the following words: "The 

Conference considers that the limitation of 
The Results. . 

military charges weighing upon the world 

at the present time is greatly to be desired in the interest 
of an increase of the material and moral welfare of 
humanity," and, also, "The Conference is of the opinion 
that the governments— taking into account the proposi- 
tions made in this Conference — should make a study of 



56 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 

the possibilit}^ of an agreement concerning the limitation 
of armed forces on land and sea and of naval budgets." 

In the revision of the Laws of War, the following 
results, among others, were reached: The absolute 
prohibition of pillage and of the destruction or confisca- 
tion of works of art; an elaborate and humane system of 
regulations concerning the rights, duties, and privileges 
of prisoners of war; the extension of the Geneva Red 
Cross rules to naval warfare; the adoption and extension 
of the laws formulated by the Brussels Conference for the 
conduct of land warfare. 

The proposition of the American delegates that private 
property not contraband of war shall be excepted from 
capture on the high seas was not adopted by the Confer- 
ence. The prohibition of the use of asphyxiation shells 
and expanding bullets in war was voted for by all the 
nations except the United States and Great Britain 
(Portugal abstaining from voting), and, therefore, was 
not adopted. 

The most important achievement of the Conference 

was based on the report of the third committee, which 

^^ ^ . , was accepted by the Conference after several 

The Court of ^ -^ 

Apbitration. modifications — a treaty which, when ratified 

by the Senate of the United States, constitutes and 
establishes a court for the arbitration of disputes between 
nations. 

The Arbitration Treaty consists of sixty-one articles, 
divided into four titles: First, On the Maintenance of 
General Peace, consisting of one declaratory article; 
second. On Good Offices and Mediation; third. On Inter- 
national Commissions of Inquiry; fourth. On International 
Arbitration. 



STATE SERIES HISTORY. 57 

QUESTIONS. 

Give au account of the first battle with the Filipinos. 
Name some of the important battles between the American 
troops and the Filipinos. 

What is meant by the Philippine Commission ? 

Name the members of this Commission. 

Give an account of the proclamation issued by the Commission. 

Give an account of the Samoan difficulty and its settlement. 

Give an account of the Universal Peace Conference. 

Who proposed the Conference ? 

Name the members who represented the United States. 

What was the object of the Peace Conference ? 

What were the results ? 



CHAPTER V, 

War has continued in the Philippines Irom the night 

of February 4, 1899/ up to the present time with more or 

less severity. General Otis was relieved 

Continuation of ,,.,. /-a j /-a i 

the War in the as Military Governor, and General 
' '^'^ ■ McArthur was appointed to take his 

place in May, 1900, and General Chaflfee in turn suc- 
ceeded General McArthur. The war has been prosecuted 
with considerable vigor, and practically all of the island 
of lyuzon is directly under American control. President 
McKinley appointed in 1900 a Civil Service Commission 
consisting of Wm. H. Taft, Prof. Bernard Moses, Dean 
Worcester, Luke E. Wright and W. P. Ide. This Com- 
mission has established Civil Government in many of the 
towns and provinces of the island. F. W. Atkinson, of 
Springfield, Mass., was appointed Superintendent of 
Public Instruction, and a public school system was inau- 
gurated. More than one thousand teachers, most of them 
normal school or university graduates, are now in the 
Philippines teaching school. It is said that these thousand 
teachers are a more efficient army than the sixty thou- 
sand soldiers. The Civil Commis 



sion is building roads, school ! topical studies. 

houses, and making public im- j The^ ConUnuaUon^ of 

nrovemeiits of various kinds, and ippines. 

'■ t Disorders in China. 

providing for local self-government x^e Census of 1900. 

as rapidly as the Filipinos show 1 wicKiniey Re-elected. 

. I McKinley's Assassina- 

adaptation for it. tion. 

/^ 1 T-* .^ „ ..^ Theodore Roosevelt, 

In 1 901, General Funston cap- president. 

tured the Filipino leader, Aguinaldo, 

and he is now held as a prisoner of war. 



STATE SERIES HISTORY. 



59 



Early in 1900, a society of Chinese, called Boxers, 
began to massacre the native Christians. 
Chinaf ^^^ ^" The American Minister, E. H. Conger, 
and other representatives of foreign gov- 
ernments were besieged by the Boxers and Chinese 
troops. The German minister was killed June 20, 1900. 
The United States sent troops and war vessels to China. 
The troops were under the command of General Chaffee. 
They landed at Tientsin, fought a number of battles and 
marched to Pekin to rescue those who were besi.ged. 
After the capture of Pekin by the combined forces, nego- 
tiations were opened looking toward the restoration of 
order and the settlement of various claims against China. 
Pekin was relieved August 14th by the allied forces of 
Japan, the United States, Germany and Great Britain. 
In all about eighteen thousand men marched against 
two hundred thousand Chinese troops. There were 
eight thousand Chinese troops killed at Tientsin and 
four thousand at Pekin. 

During the year 1900, our census was taken, and also 
a full account of the manufacturing and other industries. 
The result showed the population to be 
75.994.575 people in the United States 
and in the detatched possessions of the government 
which includes Alaska, Hawaii, the Philippine Islands, 
Porto Rico, etc., making a total of 8,274,755, which 
gives a grand total of 84,269,330. The census returns of 
California for 1900 showed the population to be 1,485,053. 
In 1790, the center of population was twenty-three miles 
east of Baltimore, Maryland 39 16.5' north latitude 
and 76 1 1.2' west longitude. In 1900, the center of popu- 
lation was six miles southeast of Columbus, Indiana 
39 9.5 north latitude and 85 48.9 west longitude. 

When the time approached for the election of a presi- 



6o SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 

dent and vice-president of the United States, many 
platforms were framed and eight pairs of 
of McKlniey^'°" candidates were nominated. The Republi- 
can Party renominated William McKinley 
for President, and Theodore Roosevelt, at the time gov- 
ernor of New York, for Vice-President. The Populists 
and Democrats nominated William J. Brj^an and Adlai 
E. Stevenson. The questions discussed by the American 
people during this campaign included trusts, the gold 
standard, the free coinage of silver, the Nicaragua Canal, 
the election of United States Senators by the people, aid 
to American shipping, irrigation of arid lands, and the 
public ownership of railways and municipal utilities. 
The campaign resulted in the election of William Mc- 
Kinley and Theodore Roosevelt. 

President McKinley was inaugurated March 4th, 1901. 
In May of the same year he began a tour of the country, 
going from Washington to New Orleans, and from New 
Orleans to San Francisco. At the latter place he wit- 
nessed the launching of the great war vessel, Ohio. The 
serious illness of Mrs. McKinley at San Francisco, ended 
the triumphal tour, and the President returned direct to 
Washington. 

In September, 1901, President McKinley visited the 
great Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo. On Septem- 
ber 6th, while surrounded by a crowd in 

The Assassin of 

President the Temple of Music, Czolgosz, an an- 

McKinley. . , , . , . r r r 

archist, approached within a lew leet 01 
him and fired two shots. The President was at once 
removed to the residence of John G. Milburn and medical 
aid summoned. It was found that one bullet struck him 
on the breast bone and that the other bullet passed 
through both walls of th • stomach near its lower border. 
The President died September 14th, 1901. His last 



STATK SERIES HISTORY. 6l 

words were : " Good-bye all, good-bye. It is God's way, 

His will be done." Czolgosz, the assassin, was arrested, 

tried, found guilty, and on October 29th was electrocuted. 

On the afternoon of September 14th, 1901, Theodore 

Roosevelt was sworn in as President of the United 

^^ _ „ States, at Buffalo, New York. After the 
Theodore Roo- 
sevelt. Twenty- administration of the oath, he said : " In 
Sixth President . 

of the United this hour of deep and terrible national 

states. ^ 

bereavement, I wi^h to state that it will 

be my intention to continue absolutely unbroken the 
policy of President McKinley for the peace and pros- 
perity of our beloved country." 

Theodore Roosevelt, junior, son of Theodore Roose- 
velt, was born in the city of New York, October 20th, 
1858. His mother's maiden name was Martha Bulloch, 
Roosevelt is of the ninth generation of the family in 
America. He has written books on history, on hunting, 
on ranch life and upon political affairs. He served in 
the New York legislature, and was appointed by Presi- 
dent Harrison, May 12th, 1889, on the U. S. Civil 
Service Commission. May 5th, 1895, he was made 
Police Commissioner of New York. He was appointed 
Assistant Secretary ol the Navy in 1896, which ofl5ce he 
resigned to organize the Rough Riders at the outbreak 
of the Spanish-American war. His services during this 
war was marked by strenuous bravery. In 189S he was 
elected Governor of New York. After his nomination 
for the Vice-Presidency, in 1900, he entered into the 
campaign with great vigor. 

Buffalo, N. Y., Sept. 14. By th^ President of the 

United States of America : A terrible bereavement has 

._, , „ befallen our people. The President of 

President Roo- ^ ^ 

seveit's First the United States has been struck down 
Proclamation. 

— a crime committed not only against 



62 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 

the chief magistrate, but against every law-abiding and 
libert}'- loving citizen. 

President McKinley crowned a life of largest love for 
his fellow men, of most earnest endeavor for their wel- 
fare, by a death of Christian fortitude ; and both the way 
in which he lived his life, and the way in which in the 
supreme hour of trial he met his death, uill remain for- 
ever a preciotis heritage of our people. 

It is meet that we as a nation express our abiding love 
and reverence for his life, our deep sorrow o\ er his un- 
timely death. 

Now, therefore, I, Theodore Roosevelt, President of 
the United States, do appoint Thursday next, September 
19th, the day in which the body of the dead President 
will be laid in its last earthly resting place, as a day of 
mourning and prayer throughout the United States. I 
earnestly recommend all the people to assemble on that 
day in their respective places of divine worship, there to 
bow down in submission to the will of Almighty God, 
and to pay out of full hearts their homage of love and 
reverence to the great and good President, whose death 
has smitten the nation with bitter grief. 

In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and 
caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. 

Done at the City of Washington, the 14th day of Sep- 
tember, A. D. one thousand nine hundred and one, and 
of the independence of the United States the one hundred 
and twenty-six. 

[seal] Theodore Roosevelt. 

By the President : John Hay, Secretary of State. 



STATE SERIES HISTORY. 63 

QUESTIONS. 

Give an account of the continuation of the wzr in the Philip- 
pines. 

Name the present Civil Commission. 

Who is the Superintendent of Public Instruction of the Philip- 
pines? 

How many teachers have been sent to the Philippines? 

Describe the plan of government. 

Who captured Aguinaldo? 

Who are the Boxers? 

Who commanded the American troops in China? 

What troops marched to the relief of the people besieged in 
Pekin? 

What is the population of the United States according to the 
census of 1900? 

What is the population of California? 

Name some of the questions discussed in the campaign of 1900, 

Who were the candidates of the Republican and Democratic 
parties ? 

Who was elected? 

Tell what you can of the assassination of President McKinley. 

What were his last words? 

Who succeeded McKinley ? 

Give a brief account of the life of Theodore Roosevelt. 

Tell what you can about his first proclamation. 



A RECORD OF ELECTRICAL PROGRESS. 



The end of the century finds the electrical industry, in 
all of its departments, in a remarkable state of prosperity 
and progress. The work that has been accomplished in 
the last twenty years indicates a future for electrical 
developments that can scarcely be imagined. 

In May, 1899, a great electrical exposition was held 
in New York City. Many new and wonderful novelties 
were shown. There was a demonstration of wireless 
telegraphy, automobiles, and an electrical railway repair 
wagon. The principal advance of recent years, however, 
has been the development of wireless telegraphy. There has 
been reported a test of a new system of very high speed 
telegraphy in Austria. This system is no great novelty. 
Two Hungarian engineers, PoUak and Virag, conceived 
the idea of using a sj'Stem practically similar to that 
employed on cables for high speed telegraphy. The 
messages are first given to an operator of a typewriter 
machine, which punches certain arrangements of long and 
short holes in a paper strip, similar to that used in the 
familiar "ticker," corresponding to the letters of the 
alphabet. These holes are so arranged that when the 
paper tape is run through a proper sending-machine cer- 
tain positive and negative impulses corresponding to each 
letter will be sent out on the line. 

For example, the letter A consists of one positive and 
one negative impulse; the letter B of one negative and three 
positive impulses, and so for the other letters of the 
alphabet. This tape, once prepared, can be sent through 



STATE SERIES HISTORY. 65 

the sending-machine with great speed. The machine is 
very simple. A spool, over which runs the tape, has two 
metallic rings imbedded in it under the holes on the sides 
of the tape corresponding to positive or negative impulses. 
Over these two springs bear upon the paper strip. When 
a hole passes on either side, the corresponding spring 
presses through it upon the c^'linder of metal beneath, 
completing an electrical circuit. Through this arrange- 
ment the line is given connection with the positive or 
negative side of the sending battery in such combinations 
as indicate each letter. The impulses arrive at the receiv- 
ing end, and traverse a simple galvanometer arrangement 
which deflects to left or right accordingly as the impulses 
are positive or negative. A mirror mounted upon the 
moving part of the instrument reflects a beam of light 
which is allowed to fall on a sensitive photographic paper 
tape or sheet moved by clockwork. In this way the right 
and left deflections are recorded. A speed of over 100,000 
words per hour on long lines has been attained with this 
system. 

Signor Marconi and several assistants came to New 
York City in September to report the international yacht 
races oS" Sandy Hook by wireless telegraphy. Sending 
apparatus were located aboard two steamships, which 
followed the yachts; and receiving stations were placed, 
one on the cable-ship Mackay-Bennett, anchored near 
the Sandy Hook lightship, and the other on shore at the 
Highlands of Navesink. Bulletins of the progress of the 
race were sent from the following steamships to the Mac- 
kay-Bennett, and were received on a Morse tape recorder. 
They were then translated, written out and telegraphed 
to New York City over a submarine cable, the end of 
which was connected with telegraph instruments aboard 
the Mackay-Bennett. 



66 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 

The cable-ship was used for the experiments, which 
were successful, under the auspices of the Postal Tele- 
graph Cable Company and the Commercial Cable Com- 
pany. The Western Union Telegraph Company also had 
an ocean telegraph station off Sandy Hook in the form of 
a schooner at anchor, with the end of a cable aboard con- 
nected with telegraph instruments. Newspaper tugs 
carried their bulletins to the schooner, from which they 
were telegraphed to New York in the ordinary manner. 

The Signal Corps of the army made several experi- 
ments with Marconi's system of wireless telegraphy, with 
a view to its adoption by the corps for military use. The 
Navy Department also appointed a board of officers 
to report on tests made with the system between the 
cruiser New York, the battle-ship Massachusetts and the 
torpedo-boat Porter. 

At the close of the year it was estimated that about 
$250,000,000 was invested in telegraphs in the United 
States. This includes the money invested in the plants 
of the two great companies, railroad telegraphs, messenger 
systems, and fire and police telegraphs. 

The telephone system has increased very rapidly, and 
now completely covers all towns and cities in the United 
States, and the long-distance telephone is no longer a 
novelty. 

Electricity has extended its field to the electric lighting 
of cities. The Dewey celebration in New York and the 
decorations on the arrival in San Francisco from Manila 
of the California troops showed what may be done with 
electric lamps for decorative lighting. 

The horseless carriage, propelled by electricity supplied 
by storage batteries, is one of the newly established 
utilities. Electromobile service in New York, Boston, and 

L.ofC. 



STATE SERIES HISTORY. 67 

other cities has become an established fact. The street 
railway service of the United States is now performed 
almost entirely by electric traction. There are about nine 
hundred and fifty electric railways in the United States. 



THE WONDERFUL CENTURY. 



The last one hundred years have been the most won- 
derful in the history of the civilization of the world. The 
Anglo-Saxon people have been practical. They have 
explored the ocean beds. They have labored in their own 
door-yards. They have searched the stars; and lo! the 
result. Columbus discovered a new world; Newton dis- 
covered new natural laws ; but the nineteenth century, 
heralded by the birth of a new nation, has multiplied its 
inventions and discoveries, and the mind of man fails to 
appreciate the marvels of it all. 

Before the birth of the nineteenth century all the pre- 
ceding ages gave to mankind the following : 
The Mariner's Compass Gravitation Established 

The Steam Engine Kepler's I^aws 

The Telescope The Differential Calculus 

The Barometer and Ther- The Circulation of the 

mometer Blood 

^^^"^^"S Light Proved to have Fi- 

Arabic Numerals ^ite Velocity 

Alphabetical Writing The Development of Ge- 

Modern Chemistry ometry 
Electric Science 



68 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 

Since 1801 the following remarkable scientific discov- 
eries and advancements have been made: — 
Railways Velocity of lyight directly 
Steamships measured, and Earth's 
Electric Telegraphs Rotation experimentally 
The Telephone shown. 
Lucifer Matches Chemistry, Definite Pro- 
Gas Illumination portions 
Electric Lighting Meteors, and the Meteoric 



Photography 
The Phonograph 
Rontgen Rays 



Theory 
The Glacial Epoch 
The Antiquity of Man 



^ A 1 • Organic Evolution Estab- 

Spectrum Analysis Ushed 

Anaesthetics ^^^^ Theory and Embry- 

Antiseptic Surgery ology 

Conservation of Energy Qerm Theory of Disease, 

Molecular Theory of Gases and the Function of the 

The Uses of Dust Leucocytes 

If the nineteenth century accomplished so much, what 
of the twentieth? It has only been of recent years that 
our higher institutions of learning have taught science on 
the basis of investigation. The first generation of 
American scholars from our modern institutions begins 
life with the birth of the twentieth century. 

What of them ? With the scientific spirit of research 
impelling them forward, with high ideals of humanity 
they will centralize the good of the world in monuments 
that will make every year an epoch. The civilization 
that stretched from the pillars of Hercules to the pyramids 
of Egypt, and abided on the isles of Greece, compared with 
the lusty strength of the commercial supremacy of to-day, 
was but a babe in arms. The supremacy that passed 
from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, and carried by a 



STATE SERIES HISTORY. 69 

dozen transcontinental railroads across the American 
continent, has anchored perhaps for all time in the new 
Pacific. It has given a new interpretation to the well- 
worn trail through the Golden Gate. 

The young men' and the young women of yesterday 
will make great history for to-morrow. The Anglo- 
Saxon Bible in one hand, the flag of the Republic in the 
other, they will represent the great good in our national 
life. No matter what policy prevails, the prophecy of 
Newton Booth wnll be fulfilled: 

"What is our country? Not alone the land and the 
sea, the lakes, the rivers, the mountains and valleys,— 
not alone the people, their customs and laws, — not alone 
the memories of the past, the hopes of the future. It is 
something more than all these combined. It is a divine 
abstraction. You cannot tell what it is. But let your 
flag rustle above your head, and you feel its living 
presence in your heart. Not yet, not yet, shall the 
republic die ! Baptized anew, it shall live a thousand 
years to come, — the Colossus of the nations, — its feet 
upon the continents, its scepter over the seas, its forehead 
among the stars." 



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Complete Algebra— J. B. Clarke 1 00 

Elementary Exercises in Botany — V. Rattan 75 

Grammar by the Inductive Method— W. C. Donb - - - - 25 

Heart Culture — Emma E. Page -.---.-. 75 

How to Celebrate— J. A. Shedd 25 

Key to California State Arithmetic— A. IVI. Armstrong - - 1 00 
Key to West Coast Botany— V. Rattan - - - - - -100 

Lessons Humane Education — Emma E. Page — per part - . - 25 

Lessons in Nature Study — Jenkins and Kellogg - - - - - 1 00 

Lessons in Language Work — Susan Isabel Frazee - - - - 50 

Manual of School Law— J. W. Anderson 125 

Matka— David Starr Jordan 75 

Moral Culture as a Science— Bertha S. Wilkins - - - - 1 00 

Nature Stories of the North-West— Herbert Bashford - - - 50 

New Essentials of Book-keeping— C. W. ("hilds - - - . 75 

Orthoepy and Spelling — JohiW. Imes — per part . - - - 20 

Poems for Memorizing- Alice R. Power .-...- 60 

Paper and Cardboard Construction — A. II. ("hamlxrlain - - 75 

Pacific History Stories—IIair Wagner 50 

Pacific Nature Stories— I larr Wagiier 50 

Patriotic Quotations -Harr \\agner 40 

Readings from California Poets — I'.dnuind Kiissell . . - 25 

Science Record Book— Josiah Kiep 50 

Shells and Sea Life— Josiah Keep - - 50 

Stories of Oregon — F.va E. Dye - -- 50 

Supplement to State History — Harr Wagner 25 

Spanish in Spanish -----------125 

Sp'inish Phono;^raphy — I. I. Ferry ------- 100 

Story of Evangeline — L. H.X'imenl 25 

Stories of Our Mother Earth- H. W. I'airbanks - - - - 50 

Studies in Entomology H.M. Bland - 50 

Study of the Kindergarten Problems — F. I.. Buik . - - 50 

Tales of Discovery on Pacific Slope — M. G. Hood - - - - 50 

Tales of Philippines- R, \;m I'.eigcii -- 50 

Topical Analysis of United States History— C. W.Childs - - 75 

Topical Discussions of American History — W. C. Doub - - 60 

Toyon Holiday Recitations— Allie M. 1-elker .35 

West Coast Shells— Josiah Keep 1 75 



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